Most people become rather limited as they get older and require help to get through the day. ?They may have a hard time getting out of the bathtub or cooking their own meals. ?Seniors in the past would likely be taken to a nursing facility instead of being allowed to live in their own home.
There is no need for that nowadays thanks to the rise of elder care. ?To get the assistance that they need on a daily basis, they could have a professional come in and help them get through the day. ?This can include doing things such as washing dishes, other light housekeeping tasks, or even providing companionship.
As our bodies grow older, it starts to break down becoming susceptible to various problems and diseases. ?It can be quite difficult to make it through the day if you have to deal with severe arthritis. ?Another common problem for elderly people is Alzheimer?s disease which can really make it difficult for them to live on their own.
If your loved one needs assistance, then elder care is a great option. ?Your loved one may simply need someone to keep them company during the day or someone to drive them to their appointments. ?It is not always convenient for family members to handle all of these tasks since they will have their jobs and own family to worry about.
It is also important for family members to ensure that their loved ones are being cared for properly. ?It may not always be a good idea to simply stick them in a nursing home somewhere. ?Compared to nursing homes, elder care in home offers much higher quality of care.
News stories in the past have shown how badly some people can be treated in nursing homes. ?This doesn?t mean that all of them are bad though. ?You will definitely want to choose a location that has properly trained staff. ?Don?t choose a location that has a high patient to nurse ratio. ?Nursing homes can?t offer the 1:1 ratio that elder care can though.
Every senior?s needs aren?t the same. ?Since everyone?s needs are the same, elder care would usually be the better option. ?A professional could be brought in to provide your loved one?s needs no matter what they may be.
It can be quite costly to have your loved one live in a nursing facility. ?Nursing homes certainly are more expensive in most cases. ?It may make more financial sense for you to look into your elder care options if you don?t have the money to pay for a facility. Doc No. 34Sdlhgsdl -sds
Kristie Brown writes on a variety of topics from health to technology. Check out her websites on nanny services Saint Louis Park and nanny Saint Louis Park
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Using public cloud resources can provide remote facilities, staffing and resources for disaster recovery planning if you don?t have your own. It can make an IT organization more agile and flexible as they can add or remove resources and staff as needed, and typically pay only for what they use ? helping maximize budgets.
The cloud offers businesses and non-profit organization a way to convert capital expenditures (CAPEX) to operational expenditures (OPEX) and helps IT better manage budgets overall, as all expenses are known in advance. But there are a variety of questions and concerns including:
??Is transferring large volumes of data and databases over the wire for offsite storage even feasible? ??How long will it take to recover that data in the case of a local system or storage crash? ??What about data security across the wire? ??What about the security of your data once it?s stored at the cloud provider?s facility?
The cloud can enable a good archiving and disaster recovery resource. It can even be a failover location for high availability of your critical applications and data for business continuity, as long as there is careful planning and the right tools are used. It may provide an IT organization with more agility and flexibility in deploying its business continuity/disaster recovery (DR) strategy and resources, while helping to reduce costs by reducing the need to purchase, deploy, manage and maintain the associated hardware and software.
The cloud may also be the perfect solution for companies that don?t have their own remote DR site or data center.? You can use it for offsite backup and long-term data storage, as a secure offsite host for continuous data protection (CDP) and even for failover servers to achieve a high-availability environment. These and other issues are being addressed on World Backup Day.
I outlined different ways you can leverage the cloud for data protection and disaster recovery in a whitepaper?.? What do you think are the most important considerations and caveats? Please share your thoughts.
Rashaun Collins, who owns the Discreetly Greek T-shirt company in Minnesota, slips a pack into every order he ships.
At Spelman College, the historically black women?s liberal arts school in Atlanta, the student government is buying Skittles in bulk and reselling them for 50 cents a bag to raise money for the family of Trayvon Martin, the teenager who was shot and killed by a crime watch volunteer in Sanford, Fla., last month carrying only a packet of the candy and a bottle of iced tea.
The candy has been piled into makeshift memorials, crammed into the pockets of thousands of people who have shown up at rallies in his name and sent to the Sanford Police Department to protest the lack of an arrest in the case.
More on Food trends
Satisfy your craving
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Like the hoodie sweatshirt he was wearing, the candy has been transformed into a cultural icon, a symbol of racial injustice that underscores Trayvon?s youth and the circumstances surrounding his death. But in the offices of the company that makes Skittles, Wrigley, and its parent company, Mars, Skittles? new level of fame has quickly become a kind of marketing crisis that is threatening to hurt the company even as sales improve.
?You get trained if someone dies eating your product, but I don?t think anyone has been through training for something like this,? said Beth Gallant, a marketing professor at Lehigh University who has worked as a brand manager for Nabisco, Kraft, Pfizer and Crayola.
Like Twinkies ? whose poor nutritional value ended up as a legal defense in the 1978 murders of the San Francisco supervisor Harvey Milk and Mayor George Moscone, and Flavor-Aid, the powdered drink that the cult leader Jim Jones laced with cyanide to kill more than 900 people in Guyana that same year ? Skittles has now entered the elite world of food products that have become symbols through no fault of their own.
For its part, Wrigley has chosen to make only a subdued statement about its product, saying the company is deeply saddened, respects the family?s privacy and feels ?it inappropriate to get involved or comment further as we would never wish for our actions to be perceived as an attempt of commercial gain following this tragedy.?
A spokeswoman, Jennifer Jackson Luth, would not comment on the impact of Skittles?s sudden popularity on profits.
Skittles was already an immensely successful product. The chewy fruit-flavored pellets began as a British import in 1979 and are now the most popular candy among teenagers and younger children, second only to Starburst in overall sales of chewy candy. But with a new level of popularity come problems.
?There is this moment where as a brand manager you think, ?Oh my God, this is bigger than we are,? ? said Heidi Hovland, a senior partner at Fleishman-Hillard in New York whose client list includes Hyatt Hotels, Barnes & Noble and several food companies.
On social media sites like Twitter, people are suggesting that Wrigley is profiting greatly from the tragedy and should donate money made since Trayvon?s death to the family or causes that would help with racial reconciliation or underprivileged communities. Some African-Americans are even asking people to stop buying Skittles until the company gets more involved in the case and donates money.
?I think we are at a dangerous position where we can make Wrigley richer,? said Rashad Moore, 22, president of the chapel assistants at Morehouse College.
Weldon McWilliams, a professor of African-American studies at Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, said Wrigley should invest in communities where ?murder based on stereotypes is a reoccurring theme.?
If they do not, African-Americans should not be promoting the product, Dr. McWilliams said. ?I completely understand the symbolism, but let?s re-examine what we?re doing,? he said. ?Will Wrigley?s reinvest that rise in profit that they see? I?m highly skeptical of that.?
For Deanna Smith, a retired teacher who brought her 12-year-old granddaughter to a march for the Martin family in Atlanta this week, it is merely about standing up against racism. She also brought a big bag of Skittles. She does not mind that the company is making money from her purchase. The cause is more important.
?He was so innocent,? she said. ?Just getting candy from the store.?
And after the march, they ate the Skittles.
?There was no reason to let candy go to waste,? she said.
Crisis management and public relations experts who are watching the Skittles situation unfold say the company has taken the right initial stance.
?Wrigley?s is playing it exactly as I expect they would ? they make a quiet statement and just sit back and let this thing unfold,? said Amy Stern, vice president of Bender Hammerling Group, a public relations company that does work with several large food companies.
?The fact is, this is bringing their brand name to the forefront,? she said. ?It?s becoming its own social media campaign, and that?s a windfall for the company. But you have to step carefully. This could backfire.?
It is too soon for Wrigley to decide if it will use money from its foundation to support causes linked to Trayvon?s death, said Stephanie Childs, a former crisis manager for ConAgra Foods who helped the company through the salmonella contamination of its Peter Pan peanut butter brand and has also worked with its charitable foundation.
?Any time you are dealing with a legal case, it adds a level of complexity that is a challenge to work with, especially when you are indirectly involved,? she said.
She and others say the company will take a hit no matter how it handles the situation. If it donates money, people will criticize it for being not enough. If it speaks publicly, people will say they are capitalizing on it. And it will all be played out so much faster because of social media.
How well Skittles will fare is uncertain, but Ms. Hovland and others believe the impact on the brand will be short-lived. ?When cooler heads prevail,? she said, ?people will recognize that this was a candy that was in the wrong place at the wrong time.?
With its air of innocence and its slogan ? ?Taste the rainbow? ? Skittles seemed a perfect symbol to help define the story, but it now is at risk of turning into something else.
?It?s gone so quickly from the symbol of innocence and tragedy to one of ?now that they are making all this money, what are they going to do with it?? ? Ms. Hovland said. ?It?s amazing how short the arc has become.?
The story, "For Skittles, Death Brings Both Profit and Risk," first appeared in the New York Times on March 28.
DALLAS, March 29, 2012 /PRNewswire/ ??Consumer Credit Counseling Service of Greater Dallas (CCCS of Greater Dallas), a nonprofit provider of free financial education, as well as free housing and credit counseling, is offering 100 free, live webinars throughout April in honor of National Financial Literacy Month.
The 100 webinars will focus on 27 different personal finance topics, ranging from credit scores and getting out of debt to buying a home and preventing foreclosure. A full schedule is available at www.cccs.net.???
?To celebrate Financial Literacy Month, we want to offer consumers additional, convenient educational resources so they can be empowered to make healthy financial decisions, and ultimately, achieve financial freedom,? said Todd Mark, vice president of education for CCCS of Greater Dallas.
The 100 webinars are made possible through support from the Texas Credit Union Foundation.
Webinar topics are listed below. For more information on CCCS of Greater Dallas? free webinars, budget and credit counseling or any of the agency?s classes or services, contact the education department at 1-800-249-2227 or visit www.cccs.net.??
Recession-Proofing Your Finances
Surviving Financial Crisis
How Do I Get Out of Debt?
How Do I Save My Home from Foreclosure?
4 C?s of Credit
Student Loan Affordability
College Credit 101: Entering The Age of Acquisition
Building Wealth
Asset Protection
Life After Foreclosure
Conquering Credit Scores and Reports
Money Matters: Financial Success Begins Today
So You Want To Be a Homeowner
Dealing with Divorce
Demystifying Reverse Mortgages
Getting Ready for Baby
The Psychology of Debt
Couples and Money
The Wedding Planner
Lil Kids and Money
Seniors, Money and Scams
Grocery Shopping and Coupon Savvy
Wheels You Can Afford: How to Buy a Car
How to Spend Your Tax Refund
Alternatives to Pay Day Loans
Surviving and Preventing Identity Theft
Understanding the Credit CARD Act
About CCCS of Greater Dallas
Consumer Credit Counseling Service of Greater Dallas, Inc. is a nonprofit, community-based credit counseling and debt management service. Established in 1974, CCCS of Greater Dallas and its affiliate offices provide financial education and counseling to consumers in-person, by phone, or Internet at 15 locations in four states. CCCS of Greater Dallas is a HUD-approved housing counseling multi-state organization and serves as one of seven counseling agencies supporting the 888-995-HOPE Hotline. The agency is also a member of the National Foundation for Credit Counseling (NFCC), the nation?s largest and longest serving national nonprofit credit counseling network. To learn more about CCCS of Greater Dallas? free seminars or the agency?s services, call 800-249-2227, visit www.cccs.net or become a fan of CCCS of Greater Dallas on Facebook to receive updates on agency events and offerings.
Media Contact: Ginger Greenberg 972-499-6632 ginger.greenberg@hck2.com
SOURCE Consumer Credit Counseling Service of Greater Dallas
[unable to retrieve full-text content]It's essential to limit refined carbohydrates, eat more lean protein, add favorable fats and fitness. In this post, you'll read about examples of the popular diets around ? some fad, some legitimate ? to help you makeup your ...
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Save Command Communications Comswitch 5500 3-Port Phone/Fax Modem Line Sharing Device
Save Command Communications Comswitch 5500 3-Port Phone/Fax Modem Line Sharing Device
The ComSwitch 5500 fax switch to automatically route calls to your phone, answering machine, fax or modem ? all on a single line! Choose Automatic or Semi-Automatic operation. (Telephone line sharing device ? fax switch). Allows up to 3 devices?usually a telephone, answering machine, fax or modem?to share a single phone line. Choose ?Automatic? or ?Semi-Automatic? mode Remote message notification
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We'd love to see 'TV Movie: The TV Movie' trailer, a musical number and a Handsome Men's Club meeting. By Kara Warner
Jimmy Kimmel Photo: Michael Buckner/ Getty Images
Congratulations to late-night host turned fancy emcee Jimmy Kimmel, the recently announced host of the 64th annual Primetime Emmy Awards. Although the September 23 live broadcast will be his first time hosting the television-awards show, the gig seems a natural fit for Kimmel, given his prior hosting duties for the American Music Awards, ESPN's ESPYs and April's always-high-profile White House Correspondents' Dinner.
Kimmel has six months to prepare material for the broadcast, which will air live on ABC, and while we have no doubt he and his team are already hard at work devising a plan of attack, we've come up with a few ideas of our own that we hope he'll incorporate.
A Trailer for "TV Movie: The TV Movie" One of the things we enjoy most about Kimmel is his ability to cash in on his close relationships with celebrities and how many of them he manages to involve in his parody videos or sketches — all in the name of fun, of course. Given the great success of "Movie: The Movie", a star-studded parody trailer for a nonexistent blockbuster, we're thinking he can work his magic for something TV-related: a mini-TV movie like "TV Movie: The TV Movie," for example.
Good-Natured Ribbing While Kimmel isn't known for taking stars to task per se, a la Ricky Gervais' brand of pot-stirring, he also won't let someone get away with being completely ridiculous and will find a humorous way to make light of a troubling situation. (See Kimmel's quick-witted improvisation when scheduled guest Lil Wayne canceled at the last minute). We'd like to see Kimmel have fun with the audience, particularly reality-show stars and his fellow talk-show hosts — many of whom are Kimmel's pals anyway.
Orchestrate a Show-Stopping Musical Number Who can forget Kimmel's amazing contributions to Great Viral Music Videos via "I'm F---ing Ben Affleck,", which was inspired by his girlfriend-at-the-time Sarah Silverman's instant hit "I'm F---ing Matt Damon"? Again, this involves calling upon Kimmel's A-list connections for their involvement, but if he can get the likes of Brad Pitt, Harrison Ford, Pete Wentz and more together for a revenge video, surely he can pull off something magical for the live broadcast of the Emmys? What we'd really like to see is a musical performance featuring Damon, Affleck and Kimmel all singing together.
A Second 'Meeting' of the Handsome Men's Club Make no mistake, there were plenty of handsome men in Kimmel's first video, but it's been over two years since we've seen the meeting of the Handsome Men's Club, and surely they're due for another get-together. We'd like to know more about what being in that club actually means and what these handsome men do together. Also, we're guessing they've added a few new members to their ranks, some fresh meat from "True Blood" for example, like Ryan Kwanten, Alexander SkarsgÅrd or Joe Manganiello? How about membership for Ryan Gosling or Michael Fassbender, perhaps?
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Whitney Houston reportedly died as a result of accidental drowning, in addition to the affects of heart disease and cocaine use, according to the coroner’s [...]
The House budget committee passed the plan 19-18; two Republicans voted against the bill because it didn't go far enough.
Republicans on a key House panel Wednesday muscled through a contentious GOP budget plan to sharply cut federal health care spending and safety-net programs like food stamps as the chief means to attack trillion-dollar-plus deficits.
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The House Budget Committee approved the GOP plan on a near party-line 19-18 vote, readying it for a House vote next week. Two tea party favorites, Republican Reps. Tim Huelskamp of Kansas and Justin Amash of Michigan, opposed the measure for not going far enough, joining Democrats who said it goes too far.
The GOP plan is nonbinding but calls for repealing President Barack Obama's health care law while transforming Medicare into a voucher-like system in which the government subsidizes purchases of health insurance on the private market instead of directly paying doctor and hospital bills.
The Medicare proposal won't be the subject of follow-up legislation under the arcane budget process on Capitol Hill. Nor do Republicans plan to pass a detailed proposal to overhaul the nation's complicated, loophole-ridden tax code this year.
RECOMMENDED:?Five budget realities no politician will talk about (not even Ron Paul)
But other elements of the measure are likely to advance this spring ? at least in the GOP-dominated House ? as a 10-year, $261 billion package of cuts to replace deep, across-the-board spending cuts set to hit the Pentagon and domestic agencies in January. Those cuts were required under last year's budget pact because of the failure of the deficit "supercommittee" last fall.
This spring's substitute cuts are likely to target, among other programs, food stamps, federal employee pensions, farm subsidies and a proposal to require higher-income Medicare beneficiaries to pay higher premiums. Some of those ideas have been marched through the House before, only to die in the Democratic-controlled Senate, though the agriculture and food stamp cuts haven't ? and may prove troublesome.
The Senate has no plans for a companion measure.
The budget outline also would force new austerity on an upcoming round of spending bills for domestic agencies, breaking faith with spending limits carefully negotiated with Obama and Senate Democrats just last summer.
Democrats say the GOP budget's Medicare proposal would dump a steadily increasing share of health care costs on future retirees forced into the new system, starting in 10 years. And they decried sharp cuts to food stamps, school lunches, welfare, Pell Grants, transportation and education.
Republicans praised the plan for taking on deficits that threaten to swamp the economy if left unchecked, while Democrats assaulted it for awarding big tax cuts to the wealthy while forcing seniors to pay a far larger share of their health care costs.
The budget panel's top Democrat, Maryland Rep. Chris Van Hollen, warned that the measure would indiscriminately slash spending while delivering tax increases to the rich.
"The choices made in the Republican budget are simply wrong for America," Van Hollen said. "It is not bold to provide tax breaks to millionaires while ending the Medicare guarantee for seniors and sticking seniors with the bill for rising health care costs."
[unable to retrieve full-text content]If you're looking for fitness own trainers to the net! you might come throughout most many health and fitness websites extolling the virtues of why you must hire a own coach to achieve your fitness and health goals didnt you? For those who are ...
Evidence mounts for link between opioids and cancer growthPublic release date: 20-Mar-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: John Easton john.easton@uchospitals.edu 773-795-5225 University of Chicago Medical Center
Opioid drugs used to relieve pain in postoperative and chronic cancer patients may stimulate the growth and spread of tumors, according to two studies and a commentary in the 2012 annual Journal Symposium issue of Anesthesiology, the academic journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists.
"Epidemiologic findings suggest that the type of anesthesia we do for cancer surgery influences recurrence rate, and laboratory studies demonstrate that opioids influence tumor progression and metastasis," said Jonathan Moss, MD, PhD, professor of anesthesiology and critical care at the University of Chicago Medicine and co-author of the commentary, a summary of research on the topic. "These studies have caused anesthesiologists to re-evaluate how best to do anesthesia and pain control for cancer patients."
New studies provide new clues
Opioid-based painkillers, such as morphine, have been the gold standard for treatment of postoperative and chronic cancer pain for 200 years. Several studies published since 2002, however, suggest that opioids can stimulate the growth and spread of cancer cells. Laboratory research from the University of Chicago Medicine and a genetic study from the University of North Carolina Medical Center both argue that the mu opioid receptor plays an important role in tumor progression and support a therapeutic role for opioid antagonists.
One study presented in the journal from a group led by Patrick Singleton, PhD, assistant professor of medicine at the University of Chicago Medicine shows how opioids already present in the body can enhance the malignant tendencies of human lung cancer cells transplanted into mice, even without the addition of morphine.
Singleton's team found that cells from various types of human lung cancers have five to 10 times as many opioid receptors as non-cancerous lung cells. They mapped out two of the biochemical pathways Akt and mTOR, both targets for current chemotherapeutics triggered by contact between endogenous opioids and the receptors. They also show how this interaction can increase proliferation, migration and invasion of tumor cells, three hallmarks of cancer growth and spread.
In this study, human lung cancer cells with additional copies of the opioid receptor grew more than twice as fast as tumor cells that lacked extra receptors when transplanted into mice. More troubling, they were 20 times more likely to spread to distant sites. Medications that block the opioid receptors, such as naloxone or methylnaltrexone, reduced tumor growth and spread. "Our findings," they conclude, "suggest the mu opioid receptor may be a therapeutic target."
The other paper in the journal, a retrospective study by Andrey Bortsov, MD, PhD, assistant professor of anesthesiology and colleagues at the University of North Carolina, used human data to bolster the opioid-cancer link.
Bortsov's team looked at survival rates from an earlier study of more than 2,000 breast cancer patients. Women being treated for invasive breast cancer who had a tiny genetic mutation that made them less sensitive to opioids were much more likely to be alive 10 years after cancer treatment. Women with one copy of the protective mutation were nearly twice as likely to have survived; those with two copies were four times as likely.
"The results of this study," the authors wrote, "provide support for the hypothesis that endogenous and/or exogenous opioids, acting via the mu opioid receptor, may influence cancer outcomes."
Emergence of concern
The notion that opioids could encourage cancer growth started with a 2002 laboratory report from the University of Minnesota. Later, a randomized palliative-care trial from Virginia Commonwealth University found that patients who received spinal opiates (OK) rather than systemic pain relief survived longer. Then two retrospective studies showed that breast or prostate cancer patients who received local or regional anesthesia rather than systemic morphine had improved survival after surgery. More recent epidemiologic studies in colon cancer, however, failed to confirm the relationship.
Moss and University of Chicago colleagues approached the issue from a similar angle. They were involved in clinical trials of methylnaltrexone, a drug developed at the University of Chicago and approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2008. This drug, marketed as Relistor, was designed to block the peripheral side effects of opioids, such as nausea and constipation, without disrupting pain relief, which occurs in the brain. Following an early clinical study, Moss and colleagues noted that cancer patients receiving this peripheral opioid blocker in a compassionate-use protocol lived longer than expected.
"These were patients with advanced cancer and a life expectancy of one to two months," Moss recalled, "yet several lived for another five or six months. It made us wonder whether this was just a consequence of better GI function, or could there possibly be an effect on the tumors?"
They began a series of studies looking at the many peripheral effects of opioids and the potential benefits of blocking those effects. They found that those opioids enhanced tumor growth, angiogenesis, vascular permeability and metastasis. Drugs that blocked the opioid receptor reduced cancer growth and helped prevent invasion and metastasis. Tumors did not grow in mice that lacked the mu opioid receptor.
In a commentary in the journal, Moss, Singleton and Frances Lennon, PhD, summarize results from multiple studies to argue that opioids drugs like morphine or the body's own opioids, such as endorphins appear to have a significant and direct proliferative effect on cancer cells, aside from their effect suppressing immunity. They suggest a possible therapeutic role for mu opioid receptor antagonists on cancer growth and metastasis, but caution that "there are no clinical trials in humans demonstrating a direct effect."
###
Funding for the studies was provided by the National Cancer Institute, the University of North Carolina and the University of Chicago. Moss, one of the developers of methylnaltrexone, receives royalties from its sale and is a paid consultant for its distributor, Salix Pharmaceuticals Inc.
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Evidence mounts for link between opioids and cancer growthPublic release date: 20-Mar-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: John Easton john.easton@uchospitals.edu 773-795-5225 University of Chicago Medical Center
Opioid drugs used to relieve pain in postoperative and chronic cancer patients may stimulate the growth and spread of tumors, according to two studies and a commentary in the 2012 annual Journal Symposium issue of Anesthesiology, the academic journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists.
"Epidemiologic findings suggest that the type of anesthesia we do for cancer surgery influences recurrence rate, and laboratory studies demonstrate that opioids influence tumor progression and metastasis," said Jonathan Moss, MD, PhD, professor of anesthesiology and critical care at the University of Chicago Medicine and co-author of the commentary, a summary of research on the topic. "These studies have caused anesthesiologists to re-evaluate how best to do anesthesia and pain control for cancer patients."
New studies provide new clues
Opioid-based painkillers, such as morphine, have been the gold standard for treatment of postoperative and chronic cancer pain for 200 years. Several studies published since 2002, however, suggest that opioids can stimulate the growth and spread of cancer cells. Laboratory research from the University of Chicago Medicine and a genetic study from the University of North Carolina Medical Center both argue that the mu opioid receptor plays an important role in tumor progression and support a therapeutic role for opioid antagonists.
One study presented in the journal from a group led by Patrick Singleton, PhD, assistant professor of medicine at the University of Chicago Medicine shows how opioids already present in the body can enhance the malignant tendencies of human lung cancer cells transplanted into mice, even without the addition of morphine.
Singleton's team found that cells from various types of human lung cancers have five to 10 times as many opioid receptors as non-cancerous lung cells. They mapped out two of the biochemical pathways Akt and mTOR, both targets for current chemotherapeutics triggered by contact between endogenous opioids and the receptors. They also show how this interaction can increase proliferation, migration and invasion of tumor cells, three hallmarks of cancer growth and spread.
In this study, human lung cancer cells with additional copies of the opioid receptor grew more than twice as fast as tumor cells that lacked extra receptors when transplanted into mice. More troubling, they were 20 times more likely to spread to distant sites. Medications that block the opioid receptors, such as naloxone or methylnaltrexone, reduced tumor growth and spread. "Our findings," they conclude, "suggest the mu opioid receptor may be a therapeutic target."
The other paper in the journal, a retrospective study by Andrey Bortsov, MD, PhD, assistant professor of anesthesiology and colleagues at the University of North Carolina, used human data to bolster the opioid-cancer link.
Bortsov's team looked at survival rates from an earlier study of more than 2,000 breast cancer patients. Women being treated for invasive breast cancer who had a tiny genetic mutation that made them less sensitive to opioids were much more likely to be alive 10 years after cancer treatment. Women with one copy of the protective mutation were nearly twice as likely to have survived; those with two copies were four times as likely.
"The results of this study," the authors wrote, "provide support for the hypothesis that endogenous and/or exogenous opioids, acting via the mu opioid receptor, may influence cancer outcomes."
Emergence of concern
The notion that opioids could encourage cancer growth started with a 2002 laboratory report from the University of Minnesota. Later, a randomized palliative-care trial from Virginia Commonwealth University found that patients who received spinal opiates (OK) rather than systemic pain relief survived longer. Then two retrospective studies showed that breast or prostate cancer patients who received local or regional anesthesia rather than systemic morphine had improved survival after surgery. More recent epidemiologic studies in colon cancer, however, failed to confirm the relationship.
Moss and University of Chicago colleagues approached the issue from a similar angle. They were involved in clinical trials of methylnaltrexone, a drug developed at the University of Chicago and approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2008. This drug, marketed as Relistor, was designed to block the peripheral side effects of opioids, such as nausea and constipation, without disrupting pain relief, which occurs in the brain. Following an early clinical study, Moss and colleagues noted that cancer patients receiving this peripheral opioid blocker in a compassionate-use protocol lived longer than expected.
"These were patients with advanced cancer and a life expectancy of one to two months," Moss recalled, "yet several lived for another five or six months. It made us wonder whether this was just a consequence of better GI function, or could there possibly be an effect on the tumors?"
They began a series of studies looking at the many peripheral effects of opioids and the potential benefits of blocking those effects. They found that those opioids enhanced tumor growth, angiogenesis, vascular permeability and metastasis. Drugs that blocked the opioid receptor reduced cancer growth and helped prevent invasion and metastasis. Tumors did not grow in mice that lacked the mu opioid receptor.
In a commentary in the journal, Moss, Singleton and Frances Lennon, PhD, summarize results from multiple studies to argue that opioids drugs like morphine or the body's own opioids, such as endorphins appear to have a significant and direct proliferative effect on cancer cells, aside from their effect suppressing immunity. They suggest a possible therapeutic role for mu opioid receptor antagonists on cancer growth and metastasis, but caution that "there are no clinical trials in humans demonstrating a direct effect."
###
Funding for the studies was provided by the National Cancer Institute, the University of North Carolina and the University of Chicago. Moss, one of the developers of methylnaltrexone, receives royalties from its sale and is a paid consultant for its distributor, Salix Pharmaceuticals Inc.
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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Public release date: 20-Mar-2012
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